Zhang Xinyue, Wu Jianing, Zhang Zhe, Liu Chengcheng, Xie Jing
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
Int J Biol Sci. 2025 Oct 1;21(14):6326-6350. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.121559. eCollection 2025.
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are secreted by gram-negative bacteria and are genetically and environmentally regulated. The contents of OMVs are derived from the outer membrane and periplasm of bacteria, that can act as virulence factors to attack host cells. In periodontitis, the OMVs of and other important periodontal pathogens can destroy the host structure, induce host immune responses, and promote periodontitis progression. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), OMVs accelerate cancer spread and metastasis by regulating the gene expression of tumour cells. In addition to their role in oral diseases, OMVs can spread from the oral cavity to the whole body, thereby participating in the development of many diseases, including circulatory diseases, endocrine diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neurologic diseases. In this review, we introduce the biogenesis, basic structure, and roles of OMVs and comprehensively summarize the biological characteristics of OMVs from various oral bacteria. In addition, we describe the impact of OMVs on oral diseases as well as systemic health and emphasize their therapeutic potential as drug targets, antigens, and immune adjuvants for application in periodontitis and OSCC. Finally, we discuss in depth the future research directions, application prospects, and challenges of OMVs.
外膜囊泡（OMVs）由革兰氏阴性菌分泌，受基因和环境调控。OMVs的内容物来源于细菌的外膜和周质，可作为毒力因子攻击宿主细胞。在牙周炎中，[具体细菌名称]和其他重要的牙周病原体的OMVs可破坏宿主结构，诱导宿主免疫反应，并促进牙周炎进展。在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）中，OMVs通过调节肿瘤细胞的基因表达加速癌症扩散和转移。除了在口腔疾病中的作用外，OMVs还可从口腔扩散至全身，从而参与包括循环系统疾病、内分泌疾病、自身免疫性疾病和神经系统疾病在内的多种疾病的发展。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了OMVs的生物发生、基本结构和作用，并全面总结了来自各种口腔细菌的OMVs的生物学特性。此外，我们描述了OMVs对口腔疾病以及全身健康的影响，并强调了它们作为药物靶点、抗原和免疫佐剂在牙周炎和OSCC中的治疗潜力。最后，我们深入讨论了OMVs的未来研究方向、应用前景和挑战。
