Muller P G, Crow R E, Cheney C D
J Exp Anal Behav. 1979 Jan;31(1):83-90. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1979.31-83.
In two experiments, humans received tokens either on a fixed-interval schedule for plunger pulling or various response-nondependent fixed-time schedules ranging from 16 to 140 seconds. Locomotor activity such as walking, shifting weight, or pacing was recorded in quarters of the interreinforcement interval to examine the induced characteristics of that behavior in humans. While performance was variable, several characteristics were present that have counterparts in experiments with nonhumans during periodic schedules of food reinforcement: (a) first quarter rates, and sometimes overall rates, of locomotor activity were greater during intervals that terminated in a visual stimulus and token delivery than those without: (b) overall rates of locomotor activity were greater during fixed-time 16-second schedules than during fixed-time 80- or 140-second schedules; (c) rates of locomotor activity decreased during the interreinforcement intervals; (d) locomotor activity was induced by response-dependent and response-nondependent token delivery. These results showed that the rate and temporal pattern of locomotor activity can be schedule-induced in humans.
在两项实验中，人类接受代币，要么是按照固定间隔时间表拉动活塞，要么是按照从16秒到140秒不等的各种与反应无关的固定时间时间表。在强化间隔的四分之一时间段内记录诸如行走、转移重心或踱步等运动活动，以研究人类该行为的诱发特征。虽然表现存在差异，但在食物强化的周期性时间表实验中，有几个特征在非人类实验中有对应情况：(a) 在以视觉刺激和代币发放结束的间隔期间，运动活动的第一季度速率，有时是总体速率，比没有这些的间隔期间更高；(b) 在固定时间16秒的时间表中，运动活动的总体速率比在固定时间80秒或140秒的时间表中更高；(c) 在强化间隔期间运动活动速率下降；(d) 运动活动由与反应相关和与反应无关的代币发放诱发。这些结果表明，运动活动的速率和时间模式在人类中可以由时间表诱发。
