Klonoff H
Science. 1974 Oct 25;186(4161):317-24. doi: 10.1126/science.186.4161.317.
It is evident that the smoking of marijuana by human subjects does have a detrimental effect on their driving skills and performance in a restricted driving area, and that this effect is even greater under normal conditions of driving on city streets. The effect of marijuana on driving is not uniform for all subjects, however, but is in fact bidirectional; whether or not a significant decline occurs in driving ability is dependent both on the subject's capacity to compensate and on the dose of marijuana. For those subjects who improved their performance, the explanation may lie in overcompensation and possibly the sedative effect of the drug. Whereas the street portion of this study approximated normal driving conditions, it should be emphasized that the context of the driving experience een on city streets was experimental. the design of this study maximal safeguards in terms of a dual control vehicle and a driver observr; in addition, the subjects were proffessionally screened and, with rare exception, they were emotionally stable. Given the experimental setting and set, the safeguards, and the nature of the study sample, idiosyncratic behaviour that might occure under normal driving condition would be less likely to occur in a study such as this. Other identified factors might lead to more stringent conclussions regarding the effects of marijuana on driving.The first is night driving, which may be more stressful. But an even more important unanswered question is the cumulative effect of alcohol and marijuana on driving (64 percent of the study sample reported alcohol in combination with marihjuana before driving). Third, the doses of marijuana used in this study were within the range of social marijuana usage(1); more heroic doses might be taken before driving. Fourth, the effect of marijuana on reactions and decision during high speed is still another unknown. What are the recommendations that emarge from this study? Driving under the influence of marijuana should be avoided as much as should driving under the influence of alcohol. More investigation is urgently required-and high priority should be given to studies that approximate normal conditions of driving and in which alcohol and marijuana are administered to the same subjects.
显然，人类吸食大麻确实会对其在受限驾驶区域的驾驶技能和表现产生不利影响，而且在城市街道正常驾驶条件下这种影响甚至更大。然而，大麻对驾驶的影响并非对所有受试者都是一致的，实际上是双向的；驾驶能力是否显著下降既取决于受试者的补偿能力，也取决于大麻的剂量。对于那些驾驶表现有所改善的受试者，其原因可能在于过度补偿以及药物可能产生的镇静作用。尽管本研究中的街道驾驶部分接近正常驾驶条件，但应该强调的是，即使在城市街道上的驾驶体验背景也是实验性的。本研究的设计在双控车辆和驾驶员观察员方面采取了最大程度的保障措施；此外，对受试者进行了专业筛选，而且除了极少数例外情况，他们情绪稳定。鉴于实验环境和设置、保障措施以及研究样本的性质，在正常驾驶条件下可能出现的特殊行为在这样的研究中发生的可能性较小。其他已确定的因素可能会导致关于大麻对驾驶影响的结论更加严格。第一个因素是夜间驾驶，这可能压力更大。但一个更重要的未解决问题是酒精和大麻对驾驶的累积影响（64%的研究样本报告在驾驶前同时使用了酒精和大麻）。第三，本研究中使用的大麻剂量处于社会大麻使用范围内(1)；在驾驶前可能会服用更大剂量。第四，大麻对高速行驶时反应和决策的影响仍然是一个未知数。从这项研究中能得出哪些建议呢？应该像避免在酒精影响下驾驶一样，尽可能避免在大麻影响下驾驶。迫切需要进行更多调查——并且应该高度优先考虑那些接近正常驾驶条件且对同一受试者同时施用酒精和大麻的研究。
