Winter D A
J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979 Jan;46(1):79-83. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1979.46.1.79.
The definition of efficiency of human movement has often been unable to cope with activities such as level gait because the numerator of the efficiency equation includes only external work done by the body on an external load. The major purpose of this paper is to propose a definition that not only accounts for any external work but also the internal work done by the limbs themselves. The internal work involves a new biomechanical analysis that takes into account all potential and kinetic energy components, all exchanges of energy within and between segments, and both positive and negative work done by the muscles. This analysis was applied to a study of over-ground level gait on eight subjects walking at different walking speeds. The internal work/stride as calculated from the sum of segment energies was compared with the same calculation on the body's center of mass energy. The latter was found to be in error (low) by 16.2% and could be low by as much as 40%. The average internal work per body mass per distance walked was 1.09 J/kg.m.
人体运动效率的定义常常无法适用于诸如水平步态等活动，因为效率方程的分子仅包括身体对外部负载所做的外部功。本文的主要目的是提出一种定义，该定义不仅要考虑任何外部功，还要考虑肢体自身所做的内部功。内部功涉及一种新的生物力学分析，该分析考虑了所有势能和动能成分、各节段内部以及节段之间的所有能量交换，以及肌肉所做的正功和负功。该分析应用于对八名以不同步行速度行走的受试者在地面水平步态的研究。将根据节段能量总和计算出的每步内部功与根据身体质心能量进行的相同计算结果进行比较。结果发现后者存在误差（偏低）16.2%，并且可能低至40%。每单位体重每行走距离的平均内部功为1.09焦耳/千克·米。
