Mestriner M A, Contel E P
Genetics. 1972 Dec;72(4):733-8. doi: 10.1093/genetics/72.4.733.
Data for Apis mellifera indicate that the P-3 proteins and one esterase enzyme are controlled by two genes, P-3 and Est, with two alleles each. The frequency of the P-3 alleles is different in the two subspecies (adansonii and ligustica), that for P-3(F) in Italian bees being 46.9% and in African 0.5%. The frequency of Est(F) is 2.8% in both populations. The Est locus has two codominant alleles and the locus P-3 has two incompletely dominant alleles; the heterozygote P-3( S)/P-3(F) shows only an intermediate band. The two loci are not genetically linked.
意大利蜜蜂的数据表明，P - 3蛋白和一种酯酶受两个基因P - 3和Est控制，每个基因有两个等位基因。这两个亚种（非洲蜂和意大利蜜蜂）中P - 3等位基因的频率不同，意大利蜜蜂中P - 3(F)的频率为46.9%，而非洲蜂中为0.5%。两个种群中Est(F)的频率均为2.8%。Est位点有两个共显性等位基因，P - 3位点有两个不完全显性等位基因；杂合子P - 3(S)/P - 3(F)仅显示一条中间带。这两个位点没有遗传连锁关系。
