McMurray R G, Horvath S M
J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979 Jun;46(6):1086-92. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1979.46.6.1086.
Thermoregulatory responses of six trained swimmers and five runners to cold and heat were evaluated during 30 min of exercise (60% VO2max) while immersed to the neck in 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C water. Mean oxygen uptake was similar for both groups during all four trials. Changes in metabolic rate during the 8th to 28th min were significantly greater for the runners in 20 degrees C water, and swimmers in 30 and 35 degrees C water. Heart rates, Tsk, delta Tre, Tb, body heat content, and heat storage were dependent on water temperature. Runners were able to attain higher sweat rates than swimmers in 35 degrees C water. Swimmers had significantly greater tissue conductance values in the 35 degrees C exposure. Swimmers thermoregulated better in 20 degrees C water than runners, possibly due to a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, percentage body fat, subcutaneous fat, or improved vasomotor control. Exercise in the heat was better tolerated by runners. Physical training in water does not improve heat acclimatization to the extent of training in air, but does improve cold tolerance.
在60%最大摄氧量的30分钟运动期间，将6名训练有素的游泳运动员和5名跑步者浸入20、25、30和35摄氏度的水中至颈部，评估他们对寒冷和炎热的体温调节反应。在所有四项试验中，两组的平均摄氧量相似。在20摄氏度水中的跑步者以及在30和35摄氏度水中的游泳者，第8至28分钟期间代谢率的变化显著更大。心率、皮肤温度（Tsk）、体表温度变化（delta Tre）、体温（Tb）、身体热量含量和热量储存均取决于水温。在35摄氏度的水中，跑步者能够达到比游泳者更高的出汗率。在35摄氏度的环境中，游泳者的组织传导率值显著更高。游泳者在20摄氏度的水中比跑步者体温调节得更好，这可能是由于更大的表面积与体积比、体脂百分比、皮下脂肪或改善的血管舒缩控制。跑步者对热环境中的运动耐受性更好。水中的体育训练在热适应方面不如在空气中训练的程度，但确实能提高耐寒性。
