Addison E M, Kolenosky G B
J Wildl Dis. 1979 Apr;15(2):253-8. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-15.2.253.
Ketamine hydrochloride (KH) and xylazine hydrochloride (XH) used in combination (KH-XH) were effective immobilants for captive and wild black bears (Ursus americanus). Single intramuscular injections of 1.5-17.1 mg of KH per kg body weight combined in an approximate ratio of 2:1 with 0.9-10.0 mg of XH per kg body weight immobilized bears for 1.5-197 min. Dosages most frequently used were 4.5-9 mg KH/kg with 2-4.5 mg XH kg. Supplemental administrations maintained tractability for up to 31 h. Immobilization was characterized by smooth induction, relaxed muscles, occasional groaning and vomition, no eye closure, no defecation, and a smooth recovery phase of variable length. Male and female bears responded similarly to KH-XH. Induction times for small bears (less than or equal to 25 kg) were shorter than for larger bears.
盐酸氯胺酮（KH）和盐酸赛拉嗪（XH）联合使用（KH - XH）是圈养和野生黑熊（美洲黑熊）有效的保定剂。每千克体重单次肌肉注射1.5 - 17.1毫克KH，并按约2:1的比例与每千克体重0.9 - 10.0毫克XH联合使用，可使黑熊保定1.5 - 197分钟。最常用的剂量是4.5 - 9毫克KH/千克体重和2 - 4.5毫克XH/千克体重。补充给药可使易管理状态维持长达31小时。保定的特点是诱导平稳、肌肉松弛、偶尔呻吟和呕吐、不闭眼、不排便以及恢复阶段平稳但时长可变。雄性和雌性黑熊对KH - XH的反应相似。小熊（体重小于或等于25千克）的诱导时间比大熊短。
