Danforth E, Horton E S, O'Connell M, Sims E A, Burger A G, Ingbar S H, Braverman L, Vagenakis A G
J Clin Invest. 1979 Nov;64(5):1336-47. doi: 10.1172/JCI109590.
Diet-induced alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations have been found in studies of long-term (7 mo) overfeeding in man (the Vermont Study). In these studies of weight gain in normal weight volunteers, increased calories were required to maintain weight after gain over and above that predicted from their increased size. This was associated with increased concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3). No change in the caloric requirement to maintain weight or concentrations of T3 was found after long-term (3 mo) fat overfeeding. In studies of short-term overfeeding (3 wk) the serum concentrations of T3 and its metabolic clearance were increased, resulting in a marked increase in the production rate of T3 irrespective of the composition of the diet overfed (carbohydrate 29.6 +/- 2.1 to 54.0 +/- 3.3, fat 28.2 +/- 3.7 to 49.1 +/- 3.4, and protein 31.2 +/- 2.1 to 53.2 +/- 3.7 microgram/d per 70 kg). Thyroxine production was unaltered by overfeeding (93.7 +/- 6.5 vs. 89.2 +/- 4.9 microgram/d per 70 kg). It is still speculative whether these dietary-induced alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism are responsible for the simultaneously increased expenditure of energy in these subjects and therefore might represent an important physiological adaptation in times of caloric affluence. During the weight-maintenance phases of the long-term overfeeding studies, concentrations of T3 were increased when carbohydrate was isocalorically substituted for fat in the diet. In short-term studies the peripheral concentrations of T3 and reverse T3 found during fasting were mimicked in direction, if not in degree, with equal or hypocaloric diets restricted in carbohydrate were fed. It is apparent from these studies that the caloric content as well as the composition of the diet, specifically, the carbohydrate content, can be important factors in regulating the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones.
在人体长期（7个月）过度喂养研究（佛蒙特研究）中，发现饮食引起的甲状腺激素浓度改变。在这些正常体重志愿者体重增加的研究中，体重增加后，维持体重所需的热量比根据其体型增加所预测的要多。这与三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）浓度增加有关。长期（3个月）脂肪过度喂养后，维持体重所需的热量或T3浓度没有变化。在短期过度喂养（3周）研究中，无论过度喂养的饮食成分如何（碳水化合物从29.6±2.1增至54.0±3.3、脂肪从28.2±3.7增至49.1±3.4、蛋白质从31.2±2.1增至53.2±3.7微克/天·70千克），T3的血清浓度及其代谢清除率均增加，导致T3生成率显著增加。过度喂养对甲状腺素生成没有影响（93.7±6.5对89.2±4.9微克/天·70千克）。这些饮食引起的甲状腺激素代谢改变是否是这些受试者同时能量消耗增加的原因，以及因此是否可能代表热量丰富时期的一种重要生理适应，仍具有推测性。在长期过度喂养研究的体重维持阶段，当饮食中碳水化合物等量替代脂肪时，T3浓度增加。在短期研究中，禁食期间发现的T3和反T3外周浓度，在方向上（即使程度不同）被等量或低热量且碳水化合物受限的饮食所模拟。从这些研究中可以明显看出，热量含量以及饮食组成，特别是碳水化合物含量，可能是调节甲状腺激素外周代谢的重要因素。
