McCallum R, Rusbult C E, Hong G K, Walden T A, Schopler J
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Aug;37(8):1304-13. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.8.1304.
According to the interference formulation, participants in a crowded setting will experience interference to the extent that behavioral goals conflict with environmental conditions. The importance of the behavioral goals directly affects not only the magnitude of the interference but also the mechanism by which people cope with interference. It was reasoned that important goals would induce a more active coping strategy in a crowded setting than in an uncrowded setting and would maintain task performance at the price of increasing crowding stress. When the behavioral goal is unimportant, decrements in task performance preclude a rise in stress. A laboratory study manipulated group size, in order to vary the availability of resources, and the importance of the task behavior. The predictions were confirmed, and partial confirmation was obtained for predictions involving the effects of the internal-external personality dimension. The meaning of the results is discussed in terms of other findings in the literature on crowding and the mediating role of the type of mechanism used to cope with interference.
根据干扰理论，处于拥挤环境中的参与者会在行为目标与环境条件发生冲突的程度上体验到干扰。行为目标的重要性不仅直接影响干扰的程度，还影响人们应对干扰的机制。据推断，在拥挤环境中，重要目标会比在非拥挤环境中引发更积极的应对策略，并会以增加拥挤压力为代价维持任务表现。当行为目标不重要时，任务表现的下降会阻止压力的上升。一项实验室研究操纵了群体规模，以改变资源的可利用性以及任务行为的重要性。这些预测得到了证实，并且涉及内外向人格维度影响的预测也得到了部分证实。将根据关于拥挤的文献中的其他研究结果以及用于应对干扰的机制类型的中介作用来讨论这些结果的意义。
