Richardson D C, Bernstein S, Taylor S P
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Nov;37(11):2044-8. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.11.2044.
Most studies that have found sex differences in aggression have reported that males are more aggressive than females. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the expectation of female nonaggressiveness may be unwarranted. The present study attempted to reconcile these differences by considering the contingencies of female aggression. Thirty females competed in a task designed to measure aggression (a) alone, (b) in the presence of a silent observer, or (c) in the presence of a supportive observer. Results indicated that as provocation increased, women in the private condition responded more aggressively than did women in the public condition. Also, women who responded in the presence of an audience were more aggressive when the observer was supportive than when she was silent. It is concluded that the usual findings of female nonaggressiveness may be attributable to women's expectations of disapproval for aggressive behavior.
大多数发现攻击行为存在性别差异的研究都报告称，男性比女性更具攻击性。然而，最近的证据表明，认为女性不会有攻击行为的这种预期可能是没有根据的。本研究试图通过考虑女性攻击行为的各种情况来调和这些差异。30名女性参与了一项旨在测量攻击行为的任务，（a）单独进行，（b）在有一名沉默观察者在场的情况下，或（c）在有一名支持性观察者在场的情况下。结果表明，随着挑衅程度的增加，处于私密条件下的女性比处于公开条件下的女性反应更具攻击性。此外，在有观众在场的情况下做出反应的女性，当观察者持支持态度时比她沉默时更具攻击性。研究得出结论，女性通常没有攻击行为这一发现可能归因于女性对攻击行为会遭反对的预期。
