Mossige S, Pettersen R B, Blakar R M
Fam Process. 1979 Dec;18(4):405-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00405.x.
Conceptual and methodological shortcomings of research on family and interactional psychopathology are owing mainly to the use of vague and ill-defined concepts of communication. Based on a theory of language use and communication within general social and cognitive psychology (e.g., Heider, Mead, Piaget, Rometvet) Blakar has outlined a methodology by which interaction is analyzed in terms of how and to what extent the participants (families) manage or fail to cope with the various prerequisites for successful communication under varying situational conditions. A study illustrating this program is presented: The interaction of twelve families, six with (Group S) and six without (Group N) a schizophrenic member, is analyzed in Blakar's communication conflict situation with respect to the members' ability to decenter and take the perspective of each other. Group S proved significantly more egocentric, their egocentric attitudes resulting, as would be expected, in very inefficient communication. Moreover, Group S were not able to adapt their pattern of communication to the changing situational requirements. Finally, the subtle interplay between the capacities and behavior of the individual members and the family system is illustrated: the egocentrism of the members resulted in "closed systems," and the closed systems hindered adequate feedback, forcing the members to decenter.
家庭与互动心理病理学研究在概念和方法上的缺陷，主要归因于对沟通概念的模糊界定和定义不清。基于一般社会与认知心理学（如海德、米德、皮亚杰、罗梅韦特）中的语言使用与沟通理论，布莱卡尔概述了一种方法论，通过该方法可以从参与者（家庭）在不同情境条件下如何以及在何种程度上管理或未能应对成功沟通的各种先决条件的角度来分析互动。本文展示了一项说明该方案的研究：在布莱卡尔的沟通冲突情境中，分析了十二个家庭的互动情况，其中六个家庭有精神分裂症患者（S组），六个家庭没有（N组），分析内容涉及成员去中心化和换位思考的能力。结果表明，S组明显更以自我为中心，不出所料，他们以自我为中心的态度导致沟通效率极低。此外，S组无法根据不断变化的情境需求调整他们的沟通模式。最后，文中阐述了个体成员的能力与行为和家庭系统之间的微妙相互作用：成员的自我中心主义导致了“封闭系统”，而封闭系统阻碍了充分的反馈，迫使成员去中心化。
