Bouton M E, Bolles R C
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1979 Oct;5(4):368-78. doi: 10.1037//0097-7403.5.4.368.
If the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented independently of the conditioned stimulus (CS) following extinction, the conditioned response may be reinstated to the CS. Three experiments are reported that suggest that reinstatement is mediated by conditioning to contextual stimuli that are present during both US presentation and testing. Shocks presented to rats following the extinction of conditioned suppression reliably reinstated suppression to the CS, but only when they were presented in the context in which testing was later to occur. Reinstatement was also reversed by extinguishing fear to the context through nonreinforced exposure to the context between shock presentation and testing. Reinstatement was obtained in these experiments in spite of procedures that have been used in the past to minimize the influence of context conditioning. Moreover, fear of the context was never detected directly by depressed bar-press rates in the absence of the CS. The results do not support the hypothesis that reinstatement results from an increment in the strength of a memory of the US that has been weakened during extinction. Problems inherent in controlling and detecting levels of context conditioning that may influence behavior toward nominal CSs are discussed.
如果在消退之后，无条件刺激（US）独立于条件刺激（CS）呈现，那么对CS的条件反应可能会恢复。本文报告了三项实验，这些实验表明，恢复是通过对在US呈现和测试期间都存在的情境刺激进行条件作用来介导的。在条件性抑制消退后对大鼠施加电击，可靠地恢复了对CS的抑制，但前提是电击要在随后进行测试的情境中施加。通过在电击呈现和测试之间对情境进行无强化暴露来消除对该情境的恐惧，恢复也会被逆转。尽管过去曾采用一些程序来尽量减少情境条件作用的影响，但在这些实验中仍获得了恢复。此外，在没有CS的情况下，从未通过压低的压杆率直接检测到对情境的恐惧。这些结果不支持以下假设：恢复是由于在消退过程中被削弱的US记忆强度增加所致。本文还讨论了在控制和检测可能影响对名义CS的行为的情境条件作用水平时所固有的问题。
