Concool B, Smith H, Stimmel B
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1979;6(3):345-53. doi: 10.3109/00952997909001723.
An analysis of all deaths occurring over a 79-month period in patients enrolled in methadone maintenance (MM) revealed an overall mortality rate of 20/1,000. Over a similar period 510 persons were discharged from MM. Follow-up able to be performed in 80% revealed at least 22 deaths to have occurred subsequent to discharge. Survival curves calculated on the basis of these data indicate that even under the best possible assumption, age adjusted mortality rates of heroin addicts are not only above the national mean but are one and a half times that of the population in the community surrounding the clinic. None of the deaths could be directly attributed to methadone. Alcohol was prominent in 60% of all deaths, being responsible for 89% of medical deaths and present in 35% of violent deaths. These findings emphasize the persistent risk associated with heroin addiction as well as the role of alcoholism in the production of excessive mortality.
对参加美沙酮维持治疗（MM）的患者在79个月期间内发生的所有死亡情况进行分析后发现，总死亡率为20/1000。在同一时期，有510人从美沙酮维持治疗项目中出院。能够进行随访的比例为80%，结果显示出院后至少发生了22例死亡。根据这些数据计算出的生存曲线表明，即使在最理想的假设下，海洛因成瘾者的年龄调整死亡率不仅高于全国平均水平，而且是诊所周边社区人群死亡率的1.5倍。所有死亡均不能直接归因于美沙酮。在所有死亡案例中，60%的案例中酒精起着重要作用，导致了89%的医疗死亡，在35%的暴力死亡案例中也存在酒精因素。这些发现强调了与海洛因成瘾相关的持续风险以及酗酒在导致过高死亡率方面所起的作用。
