Branch M N, Nicholson G, Dworkin S I
J Exp Anal Behav. 1977 Nov;28(3):285-93. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1977.28-285.
Pigeons were trained to peck a key under a multiple random-interval 1-minute, random-interval 6-minute schedule of food presentation. Subsequently, over three phases, additions were made during the random-interval 1-minute component as follows: pecks during the component occasionally were punished by timeout presentation (Phase 1), timeouts were presented independently of responding during the component (Phase 2), pecks during the component occasionally were punished by electric-shock presentation (Phase 3). In Phases 1 and 3, response-dependent timeout and shock suppressed responding and established equivalent rates in both components of the multiple schedule. Intermediate doses of pentobarbital increased responding suppressed by electric-shock punishment but had little or no effect on responding suppressed by timeout punishment. Response-independent presentation of timeouts did not result in suppression of responding (thus showing that response-dependent timeout acted as a punisher), and pentobarbital did not reliably increase unpunished responding. Pentobarbital's selective "punishment-attenuating" properties depend on the nature of the punisher.
鸽子接受训练，在食物呈现的多重随机间隔1分钟、随机间隔6分钟的时间表下啄击一个按键。随后，在三个阶段中，对随机间隔1分钟的部分进行了如下添加：该部分的啄击偶尔会因呈现超时（第1阶段）而受到惩罚，超时呈现与该部分的反应无关（第2阶段），该部分的啄击偶尔会因呈现电击（第3阶段）而受到惩罚。在第1阶段和第3阶段，依赖反应的超时和电击抑制了反应，并在多重时间表的两个部分建立了相等的反应率。中等剂量的戊巴比妥增加了被电击惩罚抑制的反应，但对被超时惩罚抑制的反应几乎没有影响或没有影响。与反应无关的超时呈现并没有导致反应抑制（因此表明依赖反应的超时起到了惩罚作用），并且戊巴比妥并没有可靠地增加未受惩罚的反应。戊巴比妥的选择性“惩罚减弱”特性取决于惩罚者的性质。
