Golani I, Wolgin D L, Teitelbaum P
Brain Res. 1979 Mar 23;164:237-67. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90019-2.
The Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation is used to analyze and describe neurological recovery from the akinesia caused by severe bilateral lateral hypothalamic (LH) damage in rats. Exploratory movement recovers along several relatively independent dimensions which appear successively. First, lateral head scanning movements recover. At about the same time or later, longitudinal (backward-forward) head scans appear. After movements along these two dimensions increase in amplitude and involve the whole body, vertical (dorsal-ventral) head scans with snout contact (along vertical surfaces) typically appear, and increase gradually in amplitude. Later, vertical rearing without snout contact emerges. Recovery proceeds cephalocaudally, as more caudal limb and body segments are recruited along each of the above dimensions separately. LH rats show delayed recruitment of caudal limb and body segments ('strait-jacket phenomenon'). Support of the body and management of limb and body segments' contact with the ground also recover relatively independently, in a proximodistal fashion. In recovery, arrests between bouts of activity become shorter. Movement first becomes organized in relation to the animals' own body, and only much later, in relation to the environment. In each sequence of movement after pronounced immobility, the rat recapitulates the process of recovery; and, any time it starts to move, it repeats the movements at a particular amplitude several times until there is an increase to the next larger size movement ('warm-up' phenomenon). These regularities explain the apparently bizarre stereotyped behavior in partial enclosures ('behavioral traps') seen in LH rats recovering from akinesia. They also explain some aspects of exploration in rats and normal social behavior of wild animals, particularly in situations involving fear and conflict.
埃什科尔 - 瓦赫曼运动记法用于分析和描述大鼠因严重双侧下丘脑外侧（LH）损伤导致运动不能后的神经恢复情况。探索性运动沿着几个相对独立的维度依次恢复。首先，头部侧向扫描运动恢复。大约同时或稍后，纵向（前后）头部扫描出现。沿着这两个维度的运动幅度增加并涉及全身后，通常会出现伴有口鼻接触（沿着垂直表面）的垂直（背腹）头部扫描，且幅度逐渐增加。后来，出现无口鼻接触的垂直站立。恢复是从头向尾进行的，因为沿着上述每个维度，更多的尾部肢体和身体节段分别被调动起来。LH大鼠尾部肢体和身体节段的调动延迟（“紧身衣现象”）。身体的支撑以及肢体和身体节段与地面接触的管理也以近端到远端的方式相对独立地恢复。在恢复过程中，活动回合之间的停顿变得更短。运动首先相对于动物自身的身体变得有组织，只是在很久之后才相对于环境变得有组织。在明显不动之后的每个运动序列中，大鼠都会重现恢复过程；而且，每次开始移动时，它会以特定幅度重复运动几次，直到增加到下一个更大幅度的运动（“热身”现象）。这些规律解释了从运动不能中恢复的LH大鼠在部分封闭环境（“行为陷阱”）中出现的明显怪异的刻板行为。它们还解释了大鼠探索行为和野生动物正常社会行为的一些方面，特别是在涉及恐惧和冲突的情况下。
