Herrnstein R J, Hineline P N
J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 Jul;9(4):421-30. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1966.9-421.
Is a conditioned aversive stimulus necessary in avoidance conditioning? Or is a reduction in the rate of aversive stimulation alone sufficient to generate and maintain an avoidance response? Rats were subjected to an avoidance procedure in which shocks occurred randomly in time, but a response could reduce the overall rate of shock. Fifteen acquisition curves, obtained from 16 animals, showed both immediate and delayed, rapid and gradual increases in response rate; there was no representative acquisition curve. Response rates were directly related to the amount by which the response reduced shock frequency. In extinction, when shock rates were not affected by responding, the response total was inversely related to the amount by which the response had reduced shock frequency during prior conditioning, with as many as 20,000 extinction responses when the shock frequency reduction had been relatively small. Responding on this procedure shows that avoidance conditioning can occur without benefit of either classical exteroceptive stimuli or covert stimuli inferred from the temporal constancies of a procedure. It also shows that reduction in shock rate is alone sufficient to maintain avoidance.
在回避条件作用中，一个条件性厌恶刺激是必要的吗？或者仅仅是厌恶刺激频率的降低就足以产生并维持回避反应？让大鼠接受一种回避程序，在该程序中电击随机出现，但一个反应能够降低电击的总体频率。从16只动物获得的15条习得曲线显示，反应率既有即时的也有延迟的，既有快速的也有逐渐的增加；没有典型的习得曲线。反应率与反应降低电击频率的程度直接相关。在消退阶段，当电击频率不受反应影响时，反应总量与该反应在先前条件作用期间降低电击频率的程度呈负相关，当电击频率降低相对较小时，消退反应多达20,000次。在此程序上的反应表明，回避条件作用可以在没有经典外感受性刺激或从程序的时间恒定性推断出的隐蔽刺激的情况下发生。这也表明电击频率的降低本身就足以维持回避反应。
