Weinraub M, Frankel J
Child Dev. 1977 Dec;48(4):1240-9.
20 18-month-olds were observed with their mothers and 20 with their fathers in laboratory free-play, departure, and separation situations. Parent and infant behaviors were allowed to vary naturally. Although there were no parent sex or infant sex differences in infants' free-play behavior, there were parent sex X infant sex differences in parental free-play behaviors. Parents talked to, sat on the floor more with, and tended to share play more with same-sexed than opposite-sexed infants, and the patterning of free-play behaviors was different for mothers and fathers. During departure, fathers talked to the infants more than mothers. Infants were more distressed in the absence of same-sexed than opposite-sexed parents. There were infant sex X parent sex differences in the relationships between separation distress and parental free-play and departure behaviors. The implications of these findings for understanding differential roles of mothers and fathers, the development of sex differences, and the determinants of separation distress are discussed.
20名18个月大的婴儿分别在实验室自由玩耍、离开和分离情境中与母亲以及另外20名婴儿与父亲一起接受观察。父母和婴儿的行为可以自然变化。虽然婴儿在自由玩耍行为上不存在父母性别或婴儿性别的差异，但在父母的自由玩耍行为上存在父母性别×婴儿性别的差异。父母与同性别的婴儿交谈更多、更多地与他们一起坐在地板上，并且倾向于更多地与同性别的婴儿分享玩耍，而且母亲和父亲的自由玩耍行为模式也不同。在离开时，父亲比母亲与婴儿交谈更多。婴儿在同性别的父母不在场时比异性别的父母不在场时更痛苦。在分离痛苦与父母自由玩耍和离开行为之间的关系上存在婴儿性别×父母性别差异。本文讨论了这些发现对于理解母亲和父亲的不同角色、性别差异的发展以及分离痛苦的决定因素的意义。
