Mikami S, Yamada S
J Exp Zool. 1984 Dec;232(3):405-17. doi: 10.1002/jez.1402320305.
The pars distalis of the avian adenohypophysis consists of well-defined cephalic and caudal lobes which are distinct in their cellular constituents. Immunocytochemical investigations on the pituitary hormones of the pars distalis of the Japanese quail reveal five types of secretory cells, adenocorticotropin (ACTH) cells, prolactin (PRL) cells, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells, growth hormone GH (STH) cells, and FSH/LH (gonadotropic) cells. The ACTH cells, TSH cells, and PRL cells are restricted to the cephalic lobe, and GH (STH) cells are confined to the caudal lobe, while FSH/LH cells are distributed throughout the cephalic and caudal lobes. The median eminence of birds has distinct anterior and posterior divisions, each with different neuronal components. The avian hypophysial portal vessels also consists of two groups, anterior and posterior. The peculiar arrangement and distribution of the avian hypophysial portal vessels are possibly related to the distribution of neuropeptides in the two divisions of the median eminence and to the cytological and functional differentiation of two lobes of the pars distalis. The localization of perikarya and fibers containing luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), somatostatin, vasotocin, mesotocin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon, metenkephalin, and substance P in the hypothalamus and median eminence of the Japanese quail has been investigated by means of immunohistochemistry using antisera against the respective neuropeptides. LHRH-, somatostatin-, VIP-, met-enkephalin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers are localized in the external layer of the anterior and posterior divisions of the median eminence, while CRF- and vasotocin-reactive fibers are demonstrated only in the external layer of the anterior division of the median eminence. The metenkephalin fibers are thicker in the anterior median eminence but the substance P fibers are more abundant in the posterior division. Mesotocin fibers occur only in the internal layer of the median eminence and neural lobe.
禽类腺垂体远侧部由界限分明的头叶和尾叶组成，它们的细胞成分各不相同。对日本鹌鹑腺垂体远侧部垂体激素的免疫细胞化学研究揭示了五种分泌细胞，即促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）细胞、催乳素（PRL）细胞、促甲状腺激素（TSH）细胞、生长激素（GH，即生长激素释放激素，STH）细胞和促卵泡激素/促黄体生成素（促性腺激素）细胞。促肾上腺皮质激素细胞、促甲状腺激素细胞和催乳素细胞局限于头叶，而生长激素（生长激素释放激素）细胞局限于尾叶，促卵泡激素/促黄体生成素细胞则分布于头叶和尾叶。鸟类的正中隆起有明显的前区和后区，每个区域都有不同的神经元成分。禽类垂体门脉血管也分为两组，即前组和后组。禽类垂体门脉血管的特殊排列和分布可能与正中隆起两个区域中神经肽的分布以及腺垂体远侧部两叶的细胞学和功能分化有关。利用针对各自神经肽的抗血清，通过免疫组织化学方法研究了日本鹌鹑下丘脑和正中隆起中含促黄体生成素释放激素（LHRH）、生长抑素、血管紧张素、中肾素、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）、胰高血糖素、甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和P物质的核周体和纤维的定位。LHRH、生长抑素、VIP、甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和P物质免疫反应性纤维定位于正中隆起前区和后区的外层，而CRF和血管紧张素反应性纤维仅见于正中隆起前区的外层。甲硫氨酸脑啡肽纤维在前正中隆起较粗，但P物质纤维在后区更丰富。中肾素纤维仅出现在正中隆起和神经叶的内层。
