Luminescence immunoassays: problems and possibilities.

This article reviews the field of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence immunoassays, and gives examples from past and present work in these areas. The problems of luminescence immunoassays are discussed, and include the choice of label, solid phase, immunogen/hapten-protein conjugates for immobilisation and the stability of bio- and chemiluminescent reagents. Examples have been given to show the stages in the development of luminescence immunoassays up to their acceptance for routine clinical in-vitro diagnostic use. Luminometers and commercial kits have been discussed, with regard to the present situation in these fields and the personal experience with two semi-mechanized luminescence analysers in routine use.