Membrane cycling and macrovacuolation under the influence of cytochalasin: kinetic and morphometric studies.

Fibroblasts exposed to higher doses of cytochalasin accumulate very big discrete endoplasmic vacuoles, the membrane of which is derived by internalization of plasmalemma. Morphometry confirms that the amount of surface interiorized is equal to the difference between the original cell surface area (before CD) and the reduced surface area measurable after CD-induced rounding. Correspondingly, there is a nearly two-fold increase in the activity of the ectoenzyme 5'-nucleotidase (a marker for plasma membrane) internally within the cytoplasm, after treatment with CD. Macrovacuolation increases cell volume by approximately 30%. Surface membrane is internalized as micropinocytotic vesicles at a rate measurable by the accumulation of HRP, a marker of fluid-phase pinocytosis. Uptake of HRP is shown to be enhanced at all times during exposure to CD, and is balanced by accelerated exocytic recycling of membrane except during a phase (approximately 4-8 hr) in which pinocytic uptake exceeds exocytosis. Vesicular membrane accumulated intracellularly in this period is retained in the endoplasm, and by successive fusions forms vacuoles in close approximation to microfilament aggregates. Once established, this new macrovacuolar membrane compartment is in dynamic equilibrium with the cell surface, and its membrane is cycled like the plasma membrane, in a mutual exchange of pinosomes between the several vacuoles and the cell surface. In drug-free medium vacuole membrane apparently reverts to the surface by pinocytotic recycling, and the cells recover normal characteristics 4-6 hr after withdrawal of cytochalasin.