Zumstein A
Acta Trop. 1983 Sep;40(3):187-204.
Some factors influencing the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis were studied at Ifakara between 1978 and 1980. Ifakara is situated in the fertile plain of the Kilombero river in the south-eastern part of Tanzania. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among primary school children (6-19 years) in the Ifakara agglomeration was 21% (730/3478). The highest prevalence was observed in both sexes in the age group 15-19 years. Distinct variations in prevalence were found between the individual schools examined, ranging from 5 to 71% and indicating a focal transmission of the disease. The intensity of S. haematobium infection in the individual schools was relatively low, ranging from 5 to 36 eggs/10 ml urine. However, the frequency of microhaematuria among infected subjects was high, reaching 100% from an egg output of 50 eggs/10 ml onwards. Forty-nine waterbodies--most of them man-made--with Bulinus (Ph.) globosus and/or B. (Ph.) nasutus were found, 12 of them harboured B. (Ph.) globosus shedding cercariae of the mammalian type. These waterbodies were mainly localized in the northern and north-eastern areas of Ifakara where the primary schools with the highest prevalence of S. haematobium were found. Most of these waterbodies were known to be bathing places for the children. Susceptibility experiments with B. (Ph.) globosus and B. (Ph.) nasutus indicated that B. (Ph.) globosus is possibly the only intermediate host for S. haematobium in the areas examined. No Biomphalaria, the intermediate hosts for S. mansoni, were found. In addition, the knowledge and awareness of the local population about urinary schistosomiasis were assessed by a questionnaire survey.
1978年至1980年期间，在伊法卡拉对一些影响埃及血吸虫病流行病学的因素进行了研究。伊法卡拉位于坦桑尼亚东南部基洛姆贝罗河的肥沃平原上。伊法卡拉聚居区小学儿童（6至19岁）中埃及血吸虫感染的总体患病率为21%（730/3478）。15至19岁年龄组的男女患病率最高。在所检查的各个学校之间发现患病率有明显差异，范围从5%至71%，表明该病呈局部传播。各个学校中埃及血吸虫感染的强度相对较低，范围为每10毫升尿液中有5至36个虫卵。然而，受感染受试者中微血尿的发生率很高，从每10毫升尿液中虫卵排出量达到50个虫卵起，发生率达到100%。发现了49个水体——其中大部分是人工水体——带有球拟钉螺和/或鼻拟钉螺，其中12个水体带有排出哺乳动物型尾蚴的球拟钉螺。这些水体主要位于伊法卡拉的北部和东北部地区，在这些地区发现了埃及血吸虫患病率最高的小学。已知这些水体大多是儿童的沐浴场所。对球拟钉螺和鼻拟钉螺的易感性实验表明，在所检查的地区，球拟钉螺可能是埃及血吸虫的唯一中间宿主。未发现曼氏血吸虫的中间宿主双脐螺。此外，通过问卷调查评估了当地居民对埃及血吸虫病的了解和认识。
