Crawford Helen J, Allen Steven N
U Wyoming, Laramie.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1983 Dec;112(4):662-685. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.112.4.662.
To investigate the hypothesis that hypnosis has an enhancing effect on imagery processing, as mediated by hypnotic responsiveness and cognitive strategies, four experiments compared performance of low and high, or low, medium, and high, hypnotically responsive subjects in waking and hypnosis conditions on a successive visual memory discrimination task that required detecting differences between successively presented picture pairs in which one member of the pair was slightly altered. Consistently, hypnotically responsive individuals showed enhanced performance during hypnosis, whereas nonresponsive ones did not. Hypnotic responsiveness correlated .52 (p less than .001) with enhanced performance during hypnosis, but it was uncorrelated with waking performance (Experiment 3). Reaction time was not affected by hypnosis, although high hypnotizables were faster than lows in their responses (Experiments 1 and 2). Subjects reported enhanced imagery vividness on the self-report Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire during hypnosis. The differential effect between lows and highs was in the anticipated direction but not significant (Experiments 1 and 2). As anticipated, hypnosis had no significant effect on a discrimination task that required determining whether there were differences between pairs of simultaneously presented pictures. Two cognitive strategies that appeared to mediate visual memory performance were reported: (a) detail strategy, which involved the memorization and rehearsal of individual details for memory, and (b) holistic strategy, which involved looking at and remembering the whole picture with accompanying imagery. Both lows and highs reported similar predominantly detail-oriented strategies during waking; only highs shifted to a significantly more holistic strategy during hypnosis. These findings suggest that high hypnotizables have a greater capacity for cognitive flexibility (Batting, 1979) than do lows. Results are discussed in terms of several theoretical approaches: Paivio's (1971) dual-coding theory and Craik and Tulving's (1975) depth of processing theory. Additional discussion is given to the question of whether hypnosis involves a shift in cerebral dominance, as reflected by the cognitive strategy changes and enhanced imagery processing.
为了研究催眠通过催眠反应性和认知策略对表象加工具有增强作用这一假设，四项实验比较了高、低催眠反应性或低、中、高催眠反应性的受试者在清醒和催眠状态下，在一个连续视觉记忆辨别任务中的表现。该任务要求检测连续呈现的图片对之间的差异，其中图片对中的一个成员略有改变。一致的是，催眠反应性个体在催眠期间表现增强，而非反应性个体则没有。催眠反应性与催眠期间的表现增强相关，相关系数为0.52（p小于0.001），但与清醒状态下的表现无关（实验3）。反应时间不受催眠影响，尽管高催眠易感性者的反应比低催眠易感性者更快（实验1和2）。受试者在自我报告的视觉表象生动性问卷中报告，在催眠期间表象生动性增强。低、高催眠反应性者之间的差异效应呈预期方向，但不显著（实验1和2）。正如预期的那样，催眠对一项要求判断同时呈现的图片对之间是否存在差异的辨别任务没有显著影响。报告了两种似乎介导视觉记忆表现的认知策略：（a）细节策略，即涉及对记忆中各个细节的记忆和复述；（b）整体策略，即涉及查看并记住带有伴随表象的整个图片。低、高催眠反应性者在清醒时都报告了类似的、主要以细节为导向的策略；只有高催眠反应性者在催眠期间明显转向了更整体的策略。这些发现表明，高催眠易感性者比低催眠易感性者具有更大的认知灵活性（巴廷，1979）。根据几种理论方法对结果进行了讨论：派维奥（1971）的双重编码理论以及克雷克和图尔文（1975）的加工深度理论。还额外讨论了催眠是否涉及大脑优势转移的问题，这一点通过认知策略的变化和增强的表象加工得以体现。
