Belytschko T, Schwer L, Privitzer E
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1978 Jan;49(1 Pt. 2):158-65.
A three-dimensional, discrete model of the human spine, torso, and head was developed for the purpose of evaluating mechanical response in pilot ejection. However, it was developed in sufficient generality to be applicable to other body response problems, such as occupant response in aircraft crash and arbitrary loads on the head-spine system. The anatomy is modelled by a collection of rigid bodies, which represent skeletal segments such as the vertebrae, pelvis, head, and ribs, interconnected by deformable elements, which represent ligaments, cargilagenous joints, viscera and connective tissues. Results are presented for several conditions: different rates of onset, ejection at angles, preejection alignment, and eccentric head loadings. It is shown that slow rates of onset and angling the seat reduce both the peak axial loads and bending moments. In the presence of eccentric head masses, such as helmet-mounted devices, the reflected flexural wave is shown to be the key injury mechanism.
为评估飞行员弹射时的机械响应，开发了一种人体脊柱、躯干和头部的三维离散模型。然而，该模型的通用性足以应用于其他身体响应问题，如飞机坠毁时乘员的响应以及头部 - 脊柱系统上的任意载荷。解剖结构由一组刚体建模，这些刚体代表骨骼节段，如椎骨、骨盆、头部和肋骨，它们通过可变形元件相互连接，可变形元件代表韧带、软骨关节、内脏和结缔组织。给出了几种情况下的结果：不同的起始速率、倾斜角度弹射、弹射前的姿态以及偏心头部载荷。结果表明，起始速率较慢和座椅倾斜可降低峰值轴向载荷和弯矩。在存在偏心头部质量（如头盔安装设备）的情况下，反射弯曲波被证明是关键的损伤机制。
