Presson C C, Hazelrigg M D
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1984 Oct;10(4):716-22. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.10.4.716.
The current study examined the conditions under which cognitive representations of spatial information are stored in orientation-specific ways (like pictures) versus orientation-free ways. College students learned simple paths by viewing a map of them (map condition), by walking them while blindfolded (walk condition), or by directly viewing the route from a single vantage point (look condition). Blindfolded subjects then stood on the route in various orientations and made directional judgments to other locations on the route. When subjects learned the route by indirect, symbolic means (map), judgments were quite easy when aligned with the learned map orientation and were difficult if the judgment was not aligned with the learned map orientation. However, when subjects learned the route by more direct, primary spatial learning (walk or look), there were no alignment effects. Thus, subjects treat information from primary (direct) and secondary (symbolic) spatial learning in distinct ways. Learning from a map results in a figural representation that has great precision but a specific orientation. Learning the route more directly results in a representation that is less precise but one that can be used in more flexible ways.
当前的研究考察了空间信息的认知表征以特定方向方式（如图像）与无方向方式存储的条件。大学生通过观看路径地图（地图条件）、蒙眼行走路径（行走条件）或从单一有利位置直接观看路线（观察条件）来学习简单路径。然后，蒙眼的受试者以各种方向站在路线上，并对路线上的其他位置进行方向判断。当受试者通过间接的、符号化的方式（地图）学习路线时，与所学地图方向一致时判断相当容易，而与所学地图方向不一致时判断则困难。然而，当受试者通过更直接的、主要的空间学习（行走或观察）来学习路线时，则不存在方向对齐效应。因此，受试者以不同的方式处理来自主要（直接）和次要（符号化）空间学习的信息。从地图学习会产生具有高精度但特定方向的图形表征。更直接地学习路线会产生精度较低但可以更灵活使用的表征。
