Presson C C, DeLange N, Hazelrigg M D
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1104.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989 Sep;15(5):887-97. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.15.5.887.
Three studies investigated the factors that lead spatial information to be stored in an orientation-specific versus orientation-free manner. In Experiment 1, we replicated the findings of Presson and Hazelrigg (1984) that learning paths from a small map versus learning the paths directly from viewing a world leads to different functional characteristics of spatial memory. Whether the route display was presented as the path itself or as a large map of the path did not affect how the information was stored. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of size of stimulus display, size of world, and scale transformations on how spatial information in maps is stored and available for use in later judgments. In Experiment 3, we examined the effect of size on the orientation specificity of the spatial coding of paths that are viewed directly. The major determinant of whether spatial information was stored and used in an orientation-specific or an orientation-free manner was the size of the display. Small displays were coded in an orientation-specific way, whereas very large displays were coded in a more orientation-free manner. These data support the view that there are distinct spatial representations, one more perceptual and episodic and one more integrated and model-like, that have developed to meet different demands faced by mobile organisms.
三项研究调查了导致空间信息以特定方向或无方向方式存储的因素。在实验1中，我们重复了普雷森和黑兹里格（1984年）的研究结果，即从小地图学习路径与直接从观察世界中学习路径会导致空间记忆的不同功能特征。路线展示是以路径本身还是路径的大地图呈现，并不影响信息的存储方式。在实验2中，我们研究了刺激展示的大小、世界的大小和比例变换对地图中空间信息的存储方式以及在后续判断中可用性的影响。在实验3中，我们研究了大小对直接观察的路径空间编码的方向特异性的影响。空间信息是以特定方向还是无方向方式存储和使用的主要决定因素是展示的大小。小展示以特定方向的方式编码，而非常大的展示则以更无方向的方式编码。这些数据支持这样一种观点，即存在不同的空间表征，一种更具感知性和情景性，另一种更具整合性和模型性，它们的发展是为了满足移动生物体面临的不同需求。
