Levinson A A, Nosal M, Davidman M, Prien E L, Prien E L, Stevenson R G
Invest Urol. 1978 Jan;15(4):270-4.
A large number of trace elements has been found in calcium stones (whewellite, weddellite, and apatite) and in struvite. Significantly fewer elements, with lower abundances, are found in uric acid and cystine. With the exception of four trace elements (lead, silicon, strontium, and zine), the trace element assemblages are identical in the oxalates (whewellite and weddellite); struvite is also similar but with notable exceptions. In general, apatite contains approximately twice the level of trace element abundances as do the oxalates. This study is based on the distribution of 20 elements in 186 mimeralogically identified urinary calculi from three generalized areas of the United States (northeast, southeast, and midwest). In general, there is no statistical difference in the trace element assemblages of mineralogically identical stones from the three areas.
在钙结石（水草酸钙石、二水草酸钙石和磷灰石）和鸟粪石中发现了大量微量元素。在尿酸和胱氨酸结石中发现的元素明显较少，且丰度较低。除了四种微量元素（铅、硅、锶和锌）外，草酸盐（水草酸钙石和二水草酸钙石）中的微量元素组合是相同的；鸟粪石也相似，但有明显例外。一般来说，磷灰石中的微量元素丰度水平约为草酸盐的两倍。本研究基于对来自美国三个广义地区（东北部、东南部和中西部）的186块经矿物学鉴定的尿结石中20种元素的分布情况。一般来说，来自这三个地区的矿物学相同的结石的微量元素组合没有统计学差异。
