Melchior C L, Tabakoff B
Recent Dev Alcohol. 1984;2:5-16. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4661-6_1.
Tolerance to several effects of ethanol can be learned in a classical conditioning paradigm. In the conditioning model of tolerance, a response compensatory in nature to the effect of ethanol develops in association with the cues that signal the presence of ethanol. Tolerance produced by this procedure (environment-dependent tolerance) differs in several respects from tolerance produced in a paradigm in which learning would not be expected to play a significant role (environment-independent tolerance). Depletion of norepinephrine in the brain blocks the development of both types of tolerance, whereas depletion of serotonin enhances the rate of development of environment-dependent tolerance, but inhibits the development of environment-independent tolerance. Cued alterations in the volume of distribution for ethanol are an important factor in the tolerance displayed in the classical conditioning paradigm. It has been suggested that the conditioned compensatory response comprises the physiological response underlying "craving" for ethanol. This implies that an extinction procedure would be an effective treatment for the prevention of relapse.
在经典条件作用范式中可以习得对乙醇多种效应的耐受性。在耐受性的条件作用模型中，一种对乙醇效应具有补偿性质的反应会与表明乙醇存在的线索相关联而产生。通过该程序产生的耐受性（环境依赖性耐受性）在几个方面与在预期学习不会起重要作用的范式中产生的耐受性（环境独立性耐受性）有所不同。脑内去甲肾上腺素的耗竭会阻断这两种类型耐受性的发展，而血清素的耗竭会提高环境依赖性耐受性的发展速率，但会抑制环境独立性耐受性的发展。乙醇分布容积的线索性改变是经典条件作用范式中所表现出的耐受性的一个重要因素。有人提出，条件性补偿反应包括“渴望”乙醇背后的生理反应。这意味着消退程序可能是预防复发的一种有效治疗方法。
