Tiffany S T
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(3):215-24.
Traditional models of craving have been based primarily on the concept of classical conditioning. In recent years, however, researchers increasingly have introduced cognitive concepts, such as memory, expectancies, interpretation, and automatic behavior, into their conceptualizations of craving. These efforts have culminated in the development of four cognitive models of craving: cognitive labeling, outcome expectancy, dual-affect, and cognitive processing. The cognitive processing model posits that although many alcohol use behaviors have become automatized processes in the course of an alcoholic's drinking career, craving is a nonautomatic process that requires mental effort and is limited by a person's cognitive capacity. This model also implies that alcohol use and alcohol-seeking behavior can occur in the absence of craving. In addition to introducing various new concepts and models into craving research, the cognitive sciences also offer well-established methodologies for testing these models and analyzing craving processes.
传统的渴望模型主要基于经典条件作用的概念。然而，近年来，研究人员越来越多地将认知概念，如记忆、预期、解释和自动行为，引入到他们对渴望的概念化中。这些努力最终形成了四种渴望的认知模型：认知标签、结果预期、双因素影响和认知加工。认知加工模型认为，尽管许多饮酒行为在酗酒者的饮酒生涯中已成为自动化过程，但渴望是一个非自动化过程，需要心理努力，且受个人认知能力的限制。该模型还意味着，饮酒和寻酒行为可以在没有渴望的情况下发生。除了将各种新概念和模型引入渴望研究之外，认知科学还提供了成熟的方法来测试这些模型并分析渴望过程。
