Pauly P J
Int J Neurosci. 1983 Oct;21(1-2):145-9. doi: 10.3109/00207458308986130.
Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch's experimental "demonstration" of cerebral localization in 1870 was a major event in the history of attempts to relate behavior to the central nervous system. Their work transformed the vague speculations that began with Franz Josef Gall into professionally responsible activity. In Germany the work of Hitzig and his followers led to violent controversies concerning both the observations and interpretations of cerebral localization. This paper considers why German scientists, who had universally opposed the work of British and French localizers up to 1870, suddenly became interested in the subject at this time, and also why the issue of cerebral localization evoked such passion within the German scientific community. Adequate answers to these questions must involve consideration of the professional relations between physiologists and the developing field of psychiatry. They must also include discussion of the reactions of scientific intellectuals to the most important political development of the time, namely, the unification of Germany.
1870年，爱德华·希齐格和古斯塔夫·弗里奇通过实验“证明”了大脑定位，这是将行为与中枢神经系统联系起来的尝试历史上的一个重大事件。他们的工作将始于弗朗茨·约瑟夫·加尔的模糊猜测转变为专业负责的活动。在德国，希齐格及其追随者的工作引发了关于大脑定位的观察和解释的激烈争论。本文探讨了为什么德国科学家在1870年之前普遍反对英国和法国定位主义者的工作，却在此时突然对该主题产生兴趣，以及为什么大脑定位问题在德国科学界引发了如此强烈的热情。对这些问题的充分回答必须考虑生理学家与发展中的精神病学领域之间的专业关系。还必须包括讨论科学知识分子对当时最重要的政治发展，即德国统一的反应。
