Squires R W, Bove A A
Clin Sports Med. 1984 Jan;3(1):11-29.
As in all other medical evaluations, the evaluation of the cardiovascular system in the competitive athlete or the nonathlete wishing to exercise must begin with a carefully performed history and physical examination. Subsequent studies, including chest radiograph and electrocardiogram, may be waived in certain populations of young athletes, but in older individuals wishing to exercise, these should be included and an exercise stress test should also be done to assess the ability of the heart to withstand moderate levels of exercise without ischemia. The mainstay of evaluation of exercise performance is the graded exercise test on either a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill. These protocols are designed to provide increments in workload until the subject reaches maximal oxygen consumption or is symptom limited. Heart rate monitoring and blood pressure monitoring often are adequate to determine individual response to exercise and to provide appropriate exercise advice. When an absolute measure of physical fitness is required, maximal oxygen consumption should be measured. Following the guidelines of thorough medical evaluation plus stress testing, it is unlikely that an athlete or the exercising nonathlete will develop serious cardiovascular problems with exercise.
与所有其他医学评估一样，对竞技运动员或希望进行锻炼的非运动员的心血管系统评估，必须从认真进行的病史采集和体格检查开始。后续检查，包括胸部X光片和心电图，在某些年轻运动员群体中可能可免，但对于希望锻炼的老年人，这些检查应包括在内，还应进行运动负荷试验，以评估心脏在无缺血情况下承受适度运动水平的能力。评估运动表现的主要方法是在自行车测力计或跑步机上进行分级运动试验。这些方案旨在逐步增加工作量，直到受试者达到最大耗氧量或出现症状受限。心率监测和血压监测通常足以确定个体对运动的反应并提供适当的运动建议。当需要绝对的体能测量时，应测量最大耗氧量。遵循全面医学评估加负荷试验的指导原则，运动员或进行锻炼的非运动员在运动时不太可能出现严重的心血管问题。
