Grupp L A, Stewart R B
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;79(4):318-21. doi: 10.1007/BF00433409.
The ability of ethanol to motivate avoidance responding was used as a measure of the drug's aversive stimulus properties. In Experiment I, four groups of rats were infused with either ethanol (200, 400, 800 mg/kg IV) or saline if they failed to jump a high hurdle. The ethanol groups acquired the jumping response (active avoidance), while the saline group only showed a tendency not to jump. In Experiment II, the hypothesis was tested that the same infusions might be self-administered if the contingency were reversed so that responses produced rather than avoided the drug. Four groups of rats were given the same doses of ethanol or saline if they traversed a runway and entered a goal box. Initially, all animals made the response, however the drug-treated groups eventually showed a dose-dependent tendency to refrain from entering the goal box (passive avoidance). Thus ethanol can maintain behavioral control similar to that produced by commonly used aversive stimuli (e.g. foot shock) and can do so at lower doses than those found to be effective in previous reports of ethanol-mediated aversions. It is suggested that the mechanism by which ethanol comes to be a reinforcing agent must take into account the pervasive negative properties of the drug.
乙醇激发回避反应的能力被用作衡量该药物厌恶刺激特性的指标。在实验I中，如果大鼠未能跳过一个高障碍，四组大鼠分别被静脉注射乙醇（200、400、800毫克/千克）或生理盐水。乙醇组获得了跳跃反应（主动回避），而生理盐水组仅表现出不跳跃的倾向。在实验II中，检验了这样一个假设：如果将条件反转，使反应产生而非避免药物，那么相同的注射可能会被自我给药。如果四组大鼠穿过一条跑道并进入一个目标箱，就给它们相同剂量的乙醇或生理盐水。最初，所有动物都做出了反应，然而药物处理组最终表现出剂量依赖性的不进入目标箱的倾向（被动回避）。因此，乙醇能够维持类似于常用厌恶刺激（如足部电击）所产生的行为控制，并且能够在比先前乙醇介导厌恶报告中发现的有效剂量更低的剂量下做到这一点。有人提出，乙醇成为强化剂的机制必须考虑到该药物普遍存在的负面特性。
