Mechanisms of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics in eucaryotic protein synthesis.

Tetrahymena thermophila is a eucaryotic organism that is highly susceptible to growth inhibition by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Concentrations of paromomycin, gentamicin G418, and hygromycin B at 22, 10, and 17 microM, respectively, inhibited growth by 50%. A combination of in vitro and in vivo methods was used to determine the mechanisms of action of these aminoglycoside antibiotics on protein synthesis in T. thermophila. Analysis of polysome profiles from paromomycin- and gentamicin G418-treated cells showed clear, progressive depletions of polysomes concomitant with an inhibition of in vivo [14C] lysine incorporation. In vitro, paromomycin and gentamicin G418, which are disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine-containing molecules, were not very effective inhibitors of either the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA or the elongation of nascent polypeptide chains on polysomes. In contrast, we found that the translocation of phe-tRNA on polyuridylate programmed ribosomes was susceptible to inhibition by paromomycin. We conclude that the primary inhibitory action of paromomycin and gentamicin G418 was at (i) an early stage of elongation after initiation, (ii) the initiation stage of translation, or (iii) a stage of translation before initiation. Hygromycin B, which is a monosubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside, potently inhibited the elongation of nascent chains during the translation of polysomes. In addition, the in vitro translation of polysomes from two hygromycin B-resistant mutants was resistant to the inhibition of elongation caused by hygromycin B.