Goodman D, Kelso J A
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1980 Dec;109(4):475-95. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.109.4.475.
This set of experiments is concerned with the specification of movement parameters hypothesized to be involved in the initiation of movement. Experiment 1 incorporated the precuing method developed by Rosenbaum in which a precue provided partial information of the upcoming movement before the stimulus to move. Under conditions in which precues were provided by letter symbols and stimuli were color-coded dots mapped to response keys. Rosenbaum found reaction times to be slower for the specification of arm than for direction, and both to be slower than the specification of extent. In Experiment 1, using precue and stimulus conditions that paralleled those employed by Rosenbaum, we obtained very similar findings. The three follow-up experiments extended these findings to more naturalized stimulus-response compatible conditions. We used a method in which precues and stimuli were directly specified through vision and mapped in a one-to-one manner with responses. In Experiment 2, although reacion times decreased as a function of the number of parameters precued, there were no systematic effects of precuing particular parameters. In Experiments 3 and 4, we incorported an ambiguous precue that, while serving to reduce task uncertainty, failed to provide any specific information as to the arm, direction, or extent of the upcoming movement. Initiation times did not systematically vary as a function of the type of parameter precued nor were there significant differences between specific and ambiguous precue conditions. In sum, only in Experiment 1 in which precues and stimuli involved complex cognitive transformations was there support for Rosenbaum's parameter specification model. When we employed highly compatible conditions, designed to reflect a real-world environment, we failed to obtain any tendency for movement parameters to be serially specified. We discuss grounds for suspecting the generality of parameter specification models and propose an alternative approach that is consonant with the dynamic characteristics of the motor control system.
这组实验关注的是那些被假设与运动发起有关的运动参数的确定。实验1采用了罗森鲍姆开发的预提示方法，即预提示在运动刺激出现之前提供即将进行的运动的部分信息。在预提示由字母符号提供且刺激为映射到响应键的彩色编码点的条件下，罗森鲍姆发现，确定手臂动作的反应时间比确定方向的反应时间要慢，且两者都比确定范围的反应时间慢。在实验1中，使用与罗森鲍姆所采用的相似的预提示和刺激条件，我们得到了非常相似的结果。接下来的三个实验将这些结果扩展到了更自然的刺激 - 反应兼容条件。我们使用了一种通过视觉直接指定预提示和刺激，并与反应进行一对一映射的方法。在实验2中，尽管反应时间随着预提示的参数数量的增加而减少，但预提示特定参数并没有系统性的影响。在实验3和实验4中，我们引入了一个模糊的预提示，它虽然有助于降低任务的不确定性，但未能提供关于即将进行的运动的手臂、方向或范围的任何具体信息。启动时间并没有随着预提示的参数类型而系统性地变化，并且在明确预提示和模糊预提示条件之间也没有显著差异。总之，只有在实验1中，预提示和刺激涉及复杂的认知转换，才支持罗森鲍姆的参数确定模型。当我们采用旨在反映现实世界环境的高度兼容条件时，我们未能获得运动参数按顺序确定的任何趋势。我们讨论了怀疑参数确定模型普遍性的理由，并提出了一种与运动控制系统的动态特性相一致的替代方法。
