Burns T W
South Med J. 1984 Aug;77(8):956-61. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198408000-00004.
Esophageal motor disorders may be clearly primary, as in achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), or clearly secondary, as in scleroderma or intrathoracic malignancy. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux, abnormal motility of the esophageal body and stomach, and lower esophageal spasm (LES) appear to predispose patients to reflux. It is possible that esophagitis caused by refluxed gastric material then further impairs motility, propagating the injury. Therapeutically, appropriate use of recently available medications, such as calcium channel blockers and metoclopramide, and new applications of previously available agents, such as hydralazine and bethanechol, have improved our ability to relieve symptoms and at times restore more normal motility.
食管运动障碍可能明显是原发性的，如贲门失弛缓症或弥漫性食管痉挛（DES），也可能明显是继发性的，如硬皮病或胸内恶性肿瘤。在胃食管反流患者中，食管体部和胃部的异常运动以及食管下括约肌（LES）痉挛似乎使患者易发生反流。反流的胃内容物引起的食管炎可能会进一步损害运动功能，从而加重损伤。在治疗方面，合理使用最近可用的药物，如钙通道阻滞剂和甲氧氯普胺，以及对以前可用药物（如肼屈嗪和氨甲酰甲胆碱）的新应用，提高了我们缓解症状的能力，有时还能恢复更正常的运动功能。
