Bernstein V, Jeremy R J, Hans S L, Marcus J
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1984;10(2):161-93. doi: 10.3109/00952998409002779.
As part of a longitudinal study of offspring born to substance abusers, we assessed 17 methadone-exposed and 23 comparison 4-month-old infants using the Bayley Scales, and videotaped their interaction with their mothers. In analyzing the Bayley Infant Behavior Record we found that the methadone-exposed group differed from the comparison group on motor functioning but not significantly on social or cognitive behaviors; methadone-exposed infants were more tense, active, and poorly coordinated than comparisons. Using a scale we developed, we rated communicative functioning in dyadic interactions, and related mothers' interactive performance to their psychological and psychosocial resources and infants' interactive performance to their behavioral functioning as assessed on the Bayley Infant Behavior Record. Applying a multidimensional technique, Guttman's Partial Order Scalogram Analysis by Coordinates (POSAC), we found an intriguing relationship that generalized across drug and comparison groups: greater tension than activity, with high tension especially, related to poorer functioning, but tension lower than activity related to better functioning. Specifically, infants who were tense and not active were also poorest on social functioning (low responsiveness to people and low cooperativeness) and showed short attention span and low persistence combined with high interest in sights and sounds. On the other hand, infants who showed low-to-moderate tension and moderate-to-high activity were highly responsive and cooperative; some also had long attention span and high persistence coupled with interest in sights and sounds. Infants who were both very tense and very active were poor on social functioning. Furthermore, most infants with tension higher than activity did poorly in communicating with their mothers, while infants with tension lower than activity interacted well. The POSAC technique has enabled us to identify meaningful subgroups of infants who were not merely quantitatively but qualitatively different in their behavioral functioning. Cutting across drug and comparison groups, we found that mothers who performed poorly on interaction were likely to have poor resources for maternal functioning. Methadone was only one among the risk factors affecting interaction.
作为对药物滥用者后代进行的一项纵向研究的一部分，我们使用贝利婴幼儿发展量表对17名暴露于美沙酮环境的4个月大婴儿和23名对照婴儿进行了评估，并录制了他们与母亲互动的视频。在分析贝利婴幼儿行为记录时，我们发现暴露于美沙酮环境的婴儿组在运动功能方面与对照组存在差异，但在社交或认知行为方面差异不显著；暴露于美沙酮环境的婴儿比对照组婴儿更紧张、更活跃，且协调性更差。我们使用自行编制的量表对二元互动中的交流功能进行评分，并将母亲的互动表现与其心理和社会心理资源相关联，将婴儿的互动表现与其在贝利婴幼儿行为记录中评估的行为功能相关联。应用多维技术——古特曼坐标法偏序量表分析（POSAC），我们发现了一种有趣的关系，这种关系在药物组和对照组中普遍存在：紧张程度高于活动程度，尤其是高度紧张，与功能较差相关，但紧张程度低于活动程度则与功能较好相关。具体而言，紧张且不活跃的婴儿在社交功能方面也最差（对他人反应迟钝且合作性低），注意力持续时间短且坚持性低，同时对视觉和声音的兴趣高。另一方面，紧张程度低至中等且活动程度中等至高的婴儿反应灵敏且合作性强；一些婴儿还具有较长的注意力持续时间和较高的坚持性，同时对视觉和声音感兴趣。既非常紧张又非常活跃的婴儿社交功能较差。此外，大多数紧张程度高于活动程度的婴儿与母亲交流时表现不佳，而紧张程度低于活动程度的婴儿互动良好。POSAC技术使我们能够识别出在行为功能上不仅在数量上而且在质量上都有所不同的有意义的婴儿亚组。跨越药物组和对照组，我们发现互动表现不佳的母亲可能在母性功能方面资源不足。美沙酮只是影响互动的风险因素之一。
