Pridham K F
Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1984;20(5):125-65.
Two approaches were used to investigate the problems or issues that parents of infants encounter: the study of circumstances that are naturally recognized by the parent as an issue, and the study of simulated problems concerning commonly occurring infant care issues. A paradigm of problem solving behavior was used to formulate the component of a descriptive study for the purpose of examining the problem solving behavior of mothers during their infants' first 3 months. Mothers who participated in both studies were married or living with a partner, were 17 years or older, and had healthy infants. The objective of the first study was to capture in the mothers' own terms their specification and description of the issues on which they were working and the nature of the infant care task, including the types of help mothers used and the stressors and supports they experienced. Logs were used by 62 mothers (38 primiparae and 24 multiparae) for 90 days after their infants' births to record these issues, types of help, stressors, and supports. Predetermined categories were used to code the data. The type of help used varied significantly by category of issue. Books were used most frequently for issues of growth and development and baby care, and they were used more often than all types of clinicians combined for these types of issues. For over one-third of issues, no help of any type was used. Multiparae and primiparae did not differ significantly in the total number of issues reported, nor in the frequency with which help was used. The objective of the second study was to examine the types of goals and decision making rules that mothers applied to two simulated infant care problems: one concerning the amount of the feeding, and the second concerning noncontingent crying. Four simulated problem exercises were presented to 22 mothers (14 primiparae and 8 multiparae), using a telephone interview in the infants' first 3 months. The results of the study revealed that mothers gave a variety of names to the same problem. The types of goals that mothers identified varied by type of problem. More mothers cited competence as a goal for the crying than the feeding problem. More mothers were able to state the decision rule they had used for naming the problem than for choice of action to solve the problem (implementing).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
一是研究那些父母自然认定为问题的情况，二是研究有关常见婴儿护理问题的模拟问题。为了考察母亲在婴儿出生后头3个月的问题解决行为，运用了问题解决行为范式来制定描述性研究的组成部分。参与两项研究的母亲均已婚或与伴侣同居，年龄在17岁及以上，且婴儿健康。第一项研究的目的是用母亲自己的话来记录她们对所处理问题的具体说明和描述，以及婴儿护理任务的性质，包括母亲所使用的帮助类型以及她们所经历的压力源和支持。62位母亲（38位初产妇和24位经产妇）在婴儿出生后90天使用日志来记录这些问题、帮助类型、压力源和支持。使用预定的类别对数据进行编码。所使用的帮助类型因问题类别而异。在生长发育和婴儿护理问题上，书籍使用最为频繁，在这些问题上，书籍的使用频率高于所有类型临床医生的使用频率总和。超过三分之一的问题未使用任何类型的帮助。经产妇和初产妇在报告的问题总数以及使用帮助的频率上没有显著差异。第二项研究的目的是考察母亲在两个模拟婴儿护理问题上所应用的目标类型和决策规则：一个是关于喂养量，另一个是关于无端哭闹。在婴儿出生后的头3个月，通过电话访谈向22位母亲（14位初产妇和8位经产妇）呈现了四个模拟问题练习。研究结果显示，母亲们给同一个问题起了各种各样的名字。母亲们确定的目标类型因问题类型而异。比起喂养问题，更多母亲将能力作为哭闹问题的目标。比起选择解决问题的行动（实施），更多母亲能够说出她们用来命名问题的决策规则。（摘要截断于400字）
