Bayer I
Bull Narc. 1983 Oct-Dec;35(4):3-13.
The establishment of international control of opiates has been an important achievement of the international community; this is substantiated by the fact that, at the beginning of this century, legally manufactured morphine and heroin were the principal sources of illicit supply, whereas at present the illicit traffic in these drugs is supplied from illicit sources. The poppy straw process has helped to promote measures to control opium poppy cultivation in a number of European countries; Turkey has been a successful example of such control. The present large-scale illicit traffic in cannabis resin and cocaine is the consequence of the lack of the implementation of provisions of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, to control the cannabis plant and the coca bush at the national level. The provisions of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, being largely a result of international compromise, are not designed in the best possible way to prevent the diversion of psychotropic substances from legal sources to illicit channels. There are no appropriate provisions for the control and monitoring of international transactions. There is a discrepancy between the rather limited scope of international control of substances listed in schedules III and IV of the 1971 Convention and the much larger scope of control of hypnotics, sedatives and tranquillizers at national levels. The provisions of the 1971 Convention, however, constitute a legal basis for bilateral and multilateral actions for the detection of suspected diversion cases, and offer possibilities of promoting the prevention of diversion of psychotropic substances. At present, the relationship between the control of psychotropic drugs, including the prevention of diversion and the organization of the national drug supply system, as well as the efficacy of national control over pharmaceutical products, has not been fully recognized by the international community.
对阿片剂实行国际管制是国际社会的一项重要成就；这一点得到以下事实的证实：在本世纪初，合法生产的吗啡和海洛因是非法供应的主要来源，而目前这些毒品的非法贩运则来自非法来源。罂粟杆提取工艺有助于推动一些欧洲国家采取措施控制罂粟种植；土耳其就是这种控制的一个成功范例。目前大麻脂和可卡因的大规模非法贩运是由于在国家一级没有执行《1961年麻醉品单一公约》中有关管制大麻植物和古柯树的规定所致。《1971年精神药物公约》的各项规定在很大程度上是国际妥协的结果，其制定方式并非最有利于防止精神药物从合法来源转入非法渠道。没有关于管制和监测国际交易的适当规定。《1971年公约》附表三、四中所列物质的国际管制范围相当有限，而各国对催眠药、镇静药和安定药的管制范围则大得多，两者之间存在差异。不过，《1971年公约》的各项规定构成了双边和多边行动的法律依据，以便查明可疑的转用案件，并提供了促进防止精神药物转用的可能性。目前，国际社会尚未充分认识到对精神药物的管制，包括防止转用与国家药品供应系统的组织之间的关系，以及国家对药品管制的效力。
