Brownstein M H, Wolf M, Bikowski J B
Cancer. 1978 Jun;41(6):2393-8. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197806)41:6<2393::aid-cncr2820410644>3.0.co;2-k.
Cowden's diseases features facial trichilemmomas (a benign tumor of follicular epithelium), acral keratoses on the limbs, and oral mucosal papillomas and fibromas; it may also involve thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, uterus, and breasts. Among 32 known cases of Cowden's disease, 21 are women, in 10 of whom breast cancer has already developed (bilateral in 4). The 11 women in whom breast cancer has not yet developed have fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, virginal hypertrophy of the breast, and malformations of nipples and areolae. Their median age is only 36 years. Two have mothers with breast cancer and in one both mother and maternal grandmother had breast cancer. Dermatologic lesions, including pathognomonic multiple facial trichilemmomas, precede the development of malignancy and can identify women with ahigh risk of developing breast cancer.
考登病的特征包括面部毛发上皮瘤（一种毛囊上皮的良性肿瘤）、四肢的肢端角化病以及口腔黏膜乳头状瘤和纤维瘤；它还可能累及甲状腺、胃肠道、卵巢、子宫和乳房。在32例已知的考登病病例中，21例为女性，其中10例已发生乳腺癌（4例为双侧乳腺癌）。尚未发生乳腺癌的11名女性患有纤维腺瘤、纤维囊性疾病、乳腺幼稚型肥大以及乳头和乳晕畸形。她们的中位年龄仅为36岁。其中2名女性的母亲患有乳腺癌，1名女性的母亲和外祖母均患有乳腺癌。包括典型的多发性面部毛发上皮瘤在内的皮肤病变先于恶性肿瘤出现，并且可以识别出患乳腺癌风险较高的女性。
