Feldman R S, Bravacos J S, Rose C L
J Periodontol. 1983 Aug;54(8):481-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.1983.54.8.481.
Six indexes of periodontal health were recorded in cigarette smokers, pipe/cigar smokers and nonsmokers from the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study. These indexes included calculus deposition, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket depth, alveolar bone loss and tooth mobility. Cigarette smokers had significantly more calculus deposition than pipe/cigar smokers, although both smoker groups had more calculus than nonsmokers. Cigarette smokers accumulated slightly less plaque than pipe/cigar smokers, and both smoker groups accumulated less plaque than nonsmokers. Gingival inflammation and tooth mobility did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers, nor between the two smoker groups. Cigarette smokers had significantly greater pocket depth than nonsmokers, in contrast to pipe/cigar smokers who were not different from nonsmokers. Radiographic measurements indicated that cigarette smokers had significantly more alveolar bone loss than either pipe/cigar or nonsmokers. After covariance adjustment for age and calculus, all smokers had less plaque, gingival inflammation and tooth mobility than nonsmokers, similar periodontal pocket depth, but only cigarette smokers had greater bone loss. This finding of greater alveolar bone loss in cigarette smokers suggests a tobacco product-related effect in systemic physiologic action.
在退伍军人管理局牙科纵向研究中，记录了吸烟者、烟斗/雪茄吸烟者和非吸烟者的六项牙周健康指标。这些指标包括牙结石沉积、菌斑积聚、牙龈炎症、牙周袋深度、牙槽骨丧失和牙齿松动度。吸烟者的牙结石沉积明显多于烟斗/雪茄吸烟者，不过两个吸烟组的牙结石都比非吸烟者多。吸烟者的菌斑积聚略少于烟斗/雪茄吸烟者，且两个吸烟组的菌斑积聚都少于非吸烟者。吸烟者和非吸烟者之间以及两个吸烟组之间的牙龈炎症和牙齿松动度没有差异。吸烟者的牙周袋深度明显大于非吸烟者，而烟斗/雪茄吸烟者与非吸烟者没有差异。影像学测量表明，吸烟者的牙槽骨丧失明显多于烟斗/雪茄吸烟者或非吸烟者。在对年龄和牙结石进行协方差调整后，所有吸烟者的菌斑、牙龈炎症和牙齿松动度都比非吸烟者少，牙周袋深度相似，但只有吸烟者有更大的骨丧失。吸烟者牙槽骨丧失更多这一发现表明在全身生理作用中存在与烟草制品相关的影响。
