Contribution of individual organs to total noradrenaline release in humans.

Plasma noradrenaline measurements are a fallible guide to sympathetic nervous tone, being dependent on noradrenaline plasma clearance. We have developed radiotracer techniques, based on measurement of the rate of spillover of noradrenaline to plasma, to simultaneously estimate total, and organ-specific, sympathetic nervous activity in humans. In 27 unmedicated subjects without renal or liver disease, or cardiac failure, regional noradrenaline spillover rates were as follows: lungs 138 +/- 36 ng/min (mean +/- SE) (33% of total noradrenaline spillover), kidneys 77 +/- 10 ng/min (22% of total), skeletal muscle 64 +/- 11 ng/min (20%), hepatomesenteric 29 +/- 9 ng/min (9%), skin 18 +/- 4 ng/min (5%), and heart 11 +/- 4 ng/min (3%). Organ-specific noradrenaline spillover measurements are well suited to the elucidation of sympathetic nervous system pathophysiology in human diseases. Since the sympathetic nervous system outflow to individual organs is not activated or suppressed uniformly in different disease states, biochemical measures of "overall sympathetic nervous activity" are insufficiently specific for this purpose.