Grizzle J M, Melius P, Strength D R
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Nov;73(5):1133-42.
The presence of carcinogenic and mutagenic chemical(s) in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was indicated by papillomas developing on caged black bullheads (Ictalurus melas), hepatic enzyme induction in exposed fish, and Ames test mutagenicity of organic extracts of the wastewater. Although virus-like particles have been reported in papillomas of several other fish species, no evidence was obtained for the presence of viruses in the black bullhead papillomas. Mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals were not identified in the wastewater, but chlorination was implicated as a factor contributing to the induction of the papillomas. The prevalence of papillomas on wild black bullheads exposed to the effluent decreased from 73 to 23% after the amount of residual chlorine (CAS: 7782-50-5) in the effluent leaving the chlorine contact chamber was reduced from 1.3-3.1 mg/liter to 0.25-1.2 mg/liter.
污水处理厂排放废水中存在致癌和致突变化学物质，这一点通过以下现象得以表明：关在笼中的黑斑叉尾鮰（Ictalurus melas）身上长出乳头状瘤、暴露于废水中的鱼肝脏酶诱导以及废水有机提取物的艾姆斯试验致突变性。尽管在其他几种鱼类的乳头状瘤中已报告有病毒样颗粒，但在黑斑叉尾鮰乳头状瘤中未获得病毒存在的证据。废水中未鉴定出致突变和致癌化学物质，但氯化作用被认为是导致乳头状瘤诱发的一个因素。当离开氯接触池的废水中残余氯（CAS：7782-50-5）含量从1.3-3.1毫克/升降至0.25-1.2毫克/升后，暴露于该废水的野生黑斑叉尾鮰身上乳头状瘤的患病率从73%降至23%。
