Traverso L W, Moore C C, Tillman F J
Circ Shock. 1984;12(1):1-7.
In order to evaluate treatments of the rapid exsanguination seen in the majority of civilian trauma or combat fatalities, we designed a rapid exsanguination, conscious, unheparinized 100% fatal porcine hemorrhage model. Immature female swine were bled 60% of their estimated blood volume 5 days after placement of a bleeding catheter. The change in arterial base excess concentration (BE) and hematocrit (Hct) was followed after hemorrhage. Variables were bleeding time (120, 60, 30, and 15 min) and catheter placement (carotid, 7 cases; and distal aorta, 24 cases). The Hcts before hemorrhage were similar in both groups. The time for removal of 60% EBV for routine mortality was longer with the carotid (60 min) versus the distal aorta (15 min) catheter group. At autopsy the carotid catheters partially obstructed the orifice of the opposite carotid. In the aortic group, a rate of hemorrhage of 2.65 +/- 0.97 ml/kg/min was required to provide the ischemia necessary for 100% mortality. The BE after hemorrhage was significantly different in survivors versus nonsurvivors. A carotid artery catheter that extends into the porcine brachiocephalic artery appears to cause artifactual mortality by interfering with blood flow to the opposite carotid. A conscious, unheparinized, and reliably fatal exsanguination model has been standardized. The animal must sustain a 60% EBV loss from the distal aorta in 15 min.
为了评估针对大多数平民创伤或战斗死亡中出现的快速失血的治疗方法，我们设计了一种快速失血、清醒、未肝素化的100%致死性猪出血模型。未成年雌性猪在放置出血导管5天后，放血至估计血容量的60%。放血后监测动脉碱剩余浓度（BE）和血细胞比容（Hct）的变化。变量包括放血时间（120、60、30和15分钟）和导管放置位置（颈动脉，7例；主动脉远端，24例）。两组放血前的血细胞比容相似。常规死亡率下，颈动脉导管组（60分钟）清除60%估计血容量所需的时间比主动脉远端导管组（15分钟）长。尸检时，颈动脉导管部分阻塞了对侧颈动脉的开口。在主动脉组中，为实现100%死亡率所需的缺血，放血速率为2.65±0.97毫升/千克/分钟。出血后存活者与非存活者的碱剩余有显著差异。延伸至猪头臂动脉的颈动脉导管似乎通过干扰对侧颈动脉的血流导致人为死亡。一种清醒、未肝素化且可靠致死的放血模型已标准化。动物必须在15分钟内从主动脉远端失血60%估计血容量。
