Siebeling R J, Caruso D, Neuman S
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Apr;47(4):658-62. doi: 10.1128/aem.47.4.658-662.1984.
On commercial turtle farms more than 40% of the hatchlings excrete detectable levels of Salmonella and Arizona spp. when hatched from nonsanitized eggs incubated in sawdust or dirt-filled chambers. Over a 3-year period on 10 farms, more than 10(6) turtle eggs were treated in an attempt to hatch Salmonella-free turtles. Eggs were sanitized in disinfectant, treated by temperature- or pressure-differential dip methods in solutions containing 500 micrograms or more of gentamicin sulfate per ml, and hatched in sanitized plastic chambers free of bedding material. The Salmonella and Arizona spp. infection levels for turtles produced from treated eggs were 0 and 1.12% for years 1 and 2, respectively, whereas infection levels for hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs during these periods were 47 and 44%, respectively. During year 3, dip solutions were filtered daily, treated at 100 degrees C for 15 min on a weekly basis to free the solution of microbial contaminants and egg protein, charged with gentamicin after 10,000 to 20,000 eggs had been treated to maintain antimicrobial activity at 500 micrograms/ml or more, and maintained at pH 6.0 to preserve optimal antimicrobial activity. The implementation of these measures in year 3 resulted in an infection level of 0.15% when the tissues of 3 of 1,959 hatchlings tested were positive for Salmonella and Arizona spp., whereas the tissues of 66 (49.0%) of 135 hatchlings produced from nontreated eggs were positive.
在商业性龟类养殖场，当在木屑或装满泥土的孵化室中孵化未经过消毒处理的龟卵时，超过40%的幼龟会排出可检测水平的沙门氏菌和亚利桑那菌属。在10个养殖场进行的为期3年的时间里，超过10(6)枚龟卵被处理，试图孵出无沙门氏菌的龟。龟卵在消毒剂中进行消毒，通过温度或压差浸泡法在每毫升含有500微克或更多硫酸庆大霉素的溶液中处理，然后在没有垫料的消毒塑料孵化室中孵化。经处理的龟卵孵出的幼龟中，沙门氏菌和亚利桑那菌属的感染率在第1年和第2年分别为0和1.12%，而在此期间未经处理的龟卵孵出的幼龟感染率分别为47%和44%。在第3年，浸泡溶液每天过滤，每周在100℃处理15分钟以去除溶液中的微生物污染物和卵蛋白，在处理10000至20000枚龟卵后加入庆大霉素以保持抗菌活性在500微克/毫升或更高，并将pH值维持在6.0以保持最佳抗菌活性。第3年实施这些措施后，在检测的1959只幼龟中有3只的组织对沙门氏菌和亚利桑那菌属呈阳性，感染率为0.15%，而未经处理的龟卵孵出的135只幼龟中有66只(49.0%)的组织呈阳性。
