Menéndez E L
Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat. 1984 Mar;30(1):29-40.
This work analyses the bibliographical production in the sociological and biomedical fields on alcoholization generated within and for Latin America during the seventies. This production is characterized by a unilaterally "pathologizing" outlook, which contrasts with the outlook dominant in the socio-anthropological fields, and which was analysed in a previous work. Empirical and factorial outlook dominate, in both, theory and methodology. They stress again an approach whose serious limitations have already been shown. The dominant technical elements--the sociological and epidemiological inquest--keep on being utilized, in spite of the many criticisms which they have received. Data obtained not only bears little relevance on the problem, but also stresses facts at a level of depth which is not justified, and do not justify, the theoretical framework of analysis. In spite of the fact that unsystematized empirical data and specific research which has been undertaken in other regional areas have made reference to a continual deficit on the part of the health team for the diagnosis and treatment of the alcoholization process; we hardly have any research which can throw light on the scientific and ideological limitations of medical and paramedical actions. Besides, we do not have a systematic analysis of alternative therapeutic strategics. All bibliographical publications refers, in a very biased way, the process of alcoholization to the lower population strata, without any critical reflection on that association. The biomedical dimension, although it utilizes conceptions and viewpoints which have been taken from anthropological and sociological production, this appropiation has meant a modification, which, in fact, has caused a split between the two dominant productions in Latin America: the biomedical and the anthropological one. This split replicates the conflict between models, that operates within other national and international contexts.
这项工作分析了20世纪70年代在拉丁美洲内部产生并针对拉丁美洲的关于酒精中毒问题的社会学和生物医学领域的文献产出。这种产出的特点是单方面的“病态化”观点，这与社会人类学领域占主导地位的观点形成对比，而之前的一项工作已对此进行了分析。在理论和方法论上，实证和因子观点占据主导。它们再次强调了一种其严重局限性已被揭示的方法。尽管受到了诸多批评，但占主导地位的技术要素——社会学和流行病学调查——仍在被使用。所获得的数据不仅与该问题相关性不大，而且强调的事实深度不合理，也无法证明分析的理论框架的合理性。尽管非系统化的实证数据和在其他地区开展的具体研究表明，卫生团队在酒精中毒过程的诊断和治疗方面持续存在不足；但我们几乎没有任何研究能够阐明医疗和辅助医疗行动的科学及意识形态局限性。此外，我们没有对替代治疗策略进行系统分析。所有文献出版物都以一种非常片面的方式将酒精中毒过程归因于较低的人口阶层，而没有对这种关联进行任何批判性反思。生物医学层面虽然采用了从人类学和社会学产出中借鉴的概念和观点，但这种挪用实际上导致了拉丁美洲两种占主导地位的产出——生物医学和人类学产出——之间的分裂。这种分裂复制了在其他国家和国际背景下运作的模式之间的冲突。
