The insulin-releasing activity of the tropical plant momordica charantia.

An aqueous extract from the unripe fruits of the tropical plant Momordica charantia was found to be a potent stimulator of insulin release from beta-cell-rich pancreatic islets isolated from obese-hyperglycemic mice. The stimulation of insulin release was partially reversible. It differed from that of D-glucose and other commonly employed insulin secretagogues in not being suppressed by L-epinephrine and in even being potentiated by the removal of Ca2+. This anomalous behaviour was not associated with general effects on the metabolism of the beta-cells as indicated by an unaltered oxidation of D-glucose. Studies of 45Ca fluxes suggest that the insulin-releasing action is the result of perturbations of membrane functions. In support for the idea of direct effects on membrane lipids, the action of the extract was found to mimic that of saponin in inhibiting the Ca2+/H+ exchange mediated by the ionophore A23187 in isolated chromaffin granules and release Ca2+ from preloaded liposomes.