Aziz K U, Paul M H, Bharati S, Lev M, Shannon K
Am J Cardiol. 1978 Jul;42(1):108-13. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90993-1.
Echocardiograms were obtained from five infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus or the portal system or the superior vena cava and from one child with a secundum atrial septal defect and a large coronary sinus due to persistence of the left superior vena cava. The results demonstrate that an enlarged coronary sinus is positioned consistently posterior to the left atrium in approximately the same horizontal plane as the aortic valve. Echocardiographically the coronary sinus can be located as an echo complex behind the left atrium by using the aortic root as a reference point. The echo complex can be differentiated from the other spurious echoes in the left atrium by its characteristic phasic motions. The additional demonstration of the enlarged common pulmonary venous chamber behind the right atrium confirms the diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus. For other types of anomalous pulmonary venous return, anatomic diagnosis with single crystal M mode echocardiography is not always possible because of the positional variability of the common pulmonary venous chamber in relation to the left atrium.
