van Waesberghe H
Acta Biotheor. 1982;31(1):3-28. doi: 10.1007/BF00048087.
Lamarck and Darwin agreed on the inconstancy of species and on the exclusive gradualism of evolution (nature does not jump). Darwinism, revived as neo-Darwinism, was almost generally accepted from about 1930 till 1960. In the sixties the evolutionary importance of selection has been called in question by the neutralists. The traditional conception of the gene is disarranged by recent molecular-biological findings. Owing to the increasing confusion about the concept of genotype, this concept is reconsidered. The idea of the genotype as a cluster of genes is replaced by a cybernetical interpretation of the genotype. As nature does jump, exclusive gradualism is dismissed. Saltatory evolution is a natural phenomenon, provided by a sudden collapse of the thresholds which resist against evolution. The fossil record and the taxonomic system call for a macromutational interpretation. As Lamarck and Darwin overlooked the resistance of evolutionary thresholds, an alternative evolution model is needed, the first to be constructed on a palaeontological and taxonomic basis.
拉马克和达尔文在物种的不稳定性以及进化的排他性渐变论（自然界不会跳跃）上观点一致。作为新达尔文主义复兴的达尔文主义，从大约1930年到1960年几乎被普遍接受。在六十年代，选择在进化中的重要性受到了中立主义者的质疑。传统的基因概念被最近的分子生物学发现打乱了。由于对基因型概念的困惑日益增加，这个概念被重新审视。基因型作为一组基因的概念被对基因型的控制论解释所取代。由于自然界确实会跳跃，排他性渐变论被摒弃。跳跃式进化是一种自然现象，由抵抗进化的阈值突然崩溃所导致。化石记录和分类系统需要一种宏观突变的解释。由于拉马克和达尔文忽略了进化阈值的阻力，需要一种替代的进化模型，这是第一个基于古生物学和分类学基础构建的模型。
