Williamson R C
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1982;74:21-9.
The lining of the intestinal tract is constantly renewed in a brisk but orderly fashion. Further acceleration of cell renewal is elicited by various stimuli, notably surgical shortening of the intestine and hyperphagia, which lead to prompt but persistent increases in mucosal mass. Progressive hypoplasia ensues when the small and large bowel are deprived of their normal contents, either by fasting (with or without parenteral nutrition) or by exclusion from intestinal continuity. All atrophic changes are reversed by refeeding or restoration of the normal anatomical disposition. Intestine responds to mucosal damage by regeneration from the crypts. Pancreatobiliary secretions mediate some of the tropic effects of chyme; systemic influences, both neurovascular and humoral, also play a part in the adaptive response of the gut.
肠道内膜以活跃但有序的方式不断更新。各种刺激会引发细胞更新的进一步加速，尤其是肠道手术缩短和摄食过多，这会导致黏膜质量迅速但持续增加。当小肠和大肠通过禁食（无论有无肠外营养）或与肠道连续性分离而失去正常内容物时，会发生进行性发育不全。所有萎缩性变化都可通过重新进食或恢复正常解剖结构而逆转。肠道通过隐窝再生来应对黏膜损伤。胰胆分泌物介导食糜的一些促生长作用；神经血管和体液的全身影响也在肠道的适应性反应中发挥作用。
