van der Meulen J C, Mazzola R, Vermey-Keers C, Stricker M, Raphael B
Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Apr;71(4):560-72. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198304000-00022.
A new classification of malformations of the face and cranium is proposed, based on embryologic studies and observations concerning a great number of patients seen by the authors. First of all, one should distinguish between cerebral craniofacial (with brain and/or eyes involved) and craniofacial malformations. Craniofacial malformations may be characterized by dysostosis and by synostosis. Malformations with dysostosis may be produced by transformation as well as differentiation defects. Synostosis is always caused by a differentiation defect. A new nomenclature is introduced.
基于胚胎学研究以及作者对大量患者的观察，提出了一种新的面部和颅骨畸形分类方法。首先，应区分脑颅面畸形（涉及脑和/或眼睛）和颅面畸形。颅面畸形可能以骨发育异常和成骨异常为特征。骨发育异常的畸形可能由转化以及分化缺陷引起。成骨异常总是由分化缺陷导致。引入了一种新的命名法。
