Cohn J F, Tronick E Z
Child Dev. 1983 Feb;54(1):185-93.
To investigate the nature of the young infant's social competence, the effect of depressed maternal expression during face-to-face interaction was examined using an experimental analogue of maternal depression. Subjects were 12 female and 12 male infants, ages 96-110 days, and their mothers. 2 counter-balanced experimental treatments consisted of 3 min of normal maternal interaction and 3 min of stimulated depressed interaction. A control treatment consisted of 2 3-min epochs of normal maternal interaction. Interactions were videotaped and infant behavior described on a 5-sec time base that maintained order of occurrence. Infants in the depressed condition structured their behavior differently and were more negative than infants in the normal condition. Infants in the depressed condition produced higher proportions of protest, wary, and brief positive. Infants in the depressed condition cycled among protest, wary, and look away. Infants in the normal condition cycled among monitor, brief positive, and play. In addition, differences in negativity were likely to continue briefly after mothers switched from depressed to normal interaction. The data indicate that infants have a specific, appropriate, negative reaction to simulated depression in their mothers. These results question formulations based on alternate hypotheses and suggest that the infant has communicative intent in its interactions.
为了探究婴儿早期社交能力的本质，我们使用母亲抑郁的实验模拟来研究面对面互动中母亲抑郁表情的影响。研究对象为12名96至110天大的女婴和12名男婴及其母亲。两种平衡的实验处理包括3分钟的正常母亲互动和3分钟模拟的抑郁互动。对照处理包括两个3分钟的正常母亲互动时段。互动过程被录像，并以5秒为时间基准描述婴儿行为，以保持行为发生的顺序。处于抑郁状态的婴儿行为结构不同，且比处于正常状态的婴儿更消极。处于抑郁状态的婴儿表现出更高比例的抗议、警惕和短暂积极情绪。处于抑郁状态的婴儿在抗议、警惕和看向别处之间循环。处于正常状态的婴儿在观察、短暂积极情绪和玩耍之间循环。此外，母亲从抑郁互动转为正常互动后，消极情绪的差异可能会短暂持续。数据表明，婴儿对母亲模拟抑郁有特定、适当的消极反应。这些结果对基于其他假设的表述提出了质疑，并表明婴儿在互动中有交流意图。
